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Water-energy nexus
The water-energy nexus〔California Sustainability Alliance, Cynthia Truelove, Senior Water Policy Analyst, California Public Utilities Commission, http://sustainca.org/programs/water_energy/videos, sustainca.org〕 is the relationship between how much water is evaporated to generate and transmit energy, and how much energy it takes to collect, clean, move, store, and dispose of water.
== Water for Electricity ==
All types of electricity generation consume water either to process the raw materials used in the facility or fuel, constructing and maintaining the plant, or to just generate the electricity itself. Renewable power sources as photovoltaic solar and wind power, which require little water to produce energy, require water in processing the raw materials to build the turbines and solar panels. If a wind turbine is mounted on a concrete or steel tower, additional tonnes of water are required in the tower's construction.
In the US, about of water is evaporated to create one kilowatt hour (kWh) of energy.〔(Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production, P. Torcellini, N. Long, and R. Judkoff )〕 This water is consumed in thermoelectric plants which are power plants converting waste heat into electrical power and evaporated in reservoirs for hydroelectric plants. An average of 18 gal (68 L) of fresh water is evaporated to generate 1 kWh of electricity at a Hydroelectric plants.〔(Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production, P. Torcellini, N. Long, and R. Judkoff )〕 The production of electricity to power one 60W incandescent light bulb over the course of a year would evaporate about 3,000 to of water.〔(Water Cooler, The intertwined tale of energy and water, Rachelle Hill and Dr. Tamim Younos )〕
Thermal power plants require large amounts of cooling water. 39% of all freshwater withdrawals in the USA are used for thermoelectric energy production.〔U.S. Energy Sustainability http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/nexus_overview.htm〕 Most of the cooling water is returned but at a higher temperature, and only around 3% is actually consumed, mostly by evaporation.〔Energy Demands on Water Resources. REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF ENERGY AND WATER. http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf〕 The demand for cooling water can be in competition with agriculture and municipal demands in some areas with the demand for water for irrigation around 40% overall.〔Energy Demands on Water Resources. REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF ENERGY AND WATER. http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf〕 As a result of climate change some rivers are running lower in the summer, putting additional strain on power production.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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